Estimation of Emerging Indoor Air Pollutants and Associated Health Effects on Humans in the Capital City of Central India

Indoor air pollution is a major public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, contributing substantially to pollution-related mortality. Exposure to indoor pollutants is associated with adverse health effects mediated through oxidative stress. This study assessed seasonal and spatial variations in indoor air quality across residential, commercial, and industrial areas of Bhopal City, India. Thirty households were randomly selected from three localities: Kolar (residential), Bairagarh (commercial), and Govindpura (industrial). Indoor air quality was monitored during winter, rainy, and summer seasons using a DustTrak aerosol monitor to measure total particulate matter (PM), PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and TVOCs. Questionnaire-based surveys collected socio-demographic details, housing conditions, and morbidity data. A total of 270 samples were analyzed. Residential areas showed higher PM1, PM2.5, PM4 and PM10 concentrations across most seasons. Total PM peaked in residential areas during rainy and summer seasons, while industrial areas recorded higher levels in summer. TVOCs were elevated in residential areas during summer and in commercial and industrial areas during the rainy season. Morbidity prevalence was highest in industrial areas. Of 270 samples, 258 were classified as unhealthy. Residential areas contributed higher indoor pollutant loads compared to commercial and industrial areas. These findings emphasize the need for targeted policies and regulatory frameworks to control indoor air pollution in residential environments and promote healthier living conditions.