A Review on Nano Particle-Based Intra Nasal Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder associated with degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra, and reduced dopamine signaling. Levodopa remains as a central symptomatic treatment, but convectional delivery can be complicated by variable gastro intestinal therapeutic molecules across the Blood Brain Barrier. Intranasal administration is being investigated as a non- invasive route that may support transport from the nasal cavity toward the central nervous system through olfactory and trigeminal pathways. Nanoparticles may protect encapsulated molecules, alter release, improve contact with nasal mucosa, and influence tissue distribution. It describes key formulation development stages and evaluation domains: particle size and distribution, surface change, morphology, drug content and entrapment, brain targeting and local safety. Nanoparticle based drug delivery has consequently been investigated as a means of modifying the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of L-DOPA and improving its delivery to the central nervous system.