A Harmonized 2.5° Dataset of Greenhouse Gases, Climate, Vegetation, Economy, and Population on the GOSAT Level 4B Grid for 2010, 2015, and 2020

Satellite greenhouse gas products are increasingly analyzed together with climate, land-surface, and socio-economic data, but each source comes on its own grid with its own conventions for cell registration, missing values, and units. This data descriptor presents a harmonized dataset that places annual values of nine variables on the 2.5° × 2.5° grid of the GOSAT Level 4B (L4B) global concentration product for 2010, 2015, and 2020: lowest-layer CO2 and CH4 mole fractions (GOSAT L4B), 2 m air temperature, 10 m wind speed and annual precipitation (ERA5), annual mean enhanced vegetation index (MODIS MOD13C2), gridded GDP, and population from two independent sources (GPWv4.11 and GHS-POP R2023A). CO2 and CH4 are used on their native L4B grid; EVI is aggregated as a cos(latitude)-weighted mean, ERA5 as an overlap-weighted mean both without and with cos(latitude) area weighting, and GDP and population as sums, so that their global totals are conserved exactly. The polar rows of the node-centred grid are treated explicitly. The data are distributed as R and CSV files with all processing and plotting scripts and tools for regional panels with spatial weight matrices. The global mean CO2 computed from the dataset agrees with NOAA surface records to within 0.1 ppm in all three years.