Root exudates of alkaloids and flavonoids from Lupinus angustifolius plants

as collection solutions indicated that deionized water facilitated the highest exudation of both alkaloids and flavonoids. Furthermore, exudate collection over 24 h with deionized water yielded the highest exudation of both alkaloids and flavonoids. Alkaloid exudation was significantly influenced throughout the growing season from 20 to 110 DAS. Similarly, flavonoid exudation fluctuated over time, with the highest levels recorded during the final growth stages. These findings provide insights into the dynamics of root exudation and may improve understanding of plant-soil interactions, secondary metabolite release, and adaptation in lupin and other species.