Electrochemical interactions in the oral cavity: The clinical significance of oral galvanism – a narrative review

Electrochemical reactions in the oral cavity, caused by small-scale electric charges between different metallic prosthetic materials, are often overlooked in modern dentistry. Although multiple metallic alloys are frequently used in dentistry, their unintentional interactions may lead to both localized tissue effects and have been hypothesized to contribute to broader biological consequences. However, awareness of these interactions remains insufficient among dental practitioners and patients. A narrative review of the literature was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Embase. Relevant studies addressing the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prevention, and management of oral galvanism were identified and qualitatively synthesized. The reviewed literature indicates that electrochemical interactions between metallic dental materials can result in galvanic current generation, corrosion processes, metal ion release, and a variety of oral manifestations. Previous reports have suggested that more than 30 different metallic components may coexist within a single oral cavity, highlighting the complexity of oral electrochemical interactions. While several studies have proposed potential associations with broader biological and systemic effects, the available evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. Recognizing the effects of electrochemical activity in the oral cavity is essential for enhancing biocompatibility, ensuring patient safety, and improving the longevity of dental restorations. This review seeks to address existing knowledge gaps and promote further research into this often-overlooked aspect of dental health.