X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry as a Cultural Resource Management Tool

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry is commonly used by archaeologists and museum staff to nondestructively characterize the elemental composition of artifacts or other materials of cultural relevance, ranging from obsidian and other lithics, to soils, pigments, metals, ceramics, and brick. However, to date, it is primarily viewed as an academic research tool. In contrast, this article demonstrates how XRF can be adopted by cultural resource management (CRM) professionals and effectively integrated into National Historic Preservation Act compliance in the United States. Two case studies from the Idaho National Laboratory and Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, are discussed that provide examples of how the technology has been applied to the analysis of a range of materials and integrated into Section 106 decision-making processes that include site characterization, National Register of Historic Places eligibility recommendations, and preservation efforts. At its core, the integration of XRF analysis fosters efficiencies that enhance methodological transparency, support noncollection policies, and promote shared understandings between an agency, a State Historic Preservation Office, Tribes, and stakeholders. We hope that these discussions lead to increased representation of XRF among CRM professionals across federal and state agencies and private CRM firms.