The History of Energy Partnership Between Azerbaijan and the European Union in the Natural Gas Sector

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the formation and development of the energy partnership between Azerbaijan and the European Union in the gas sector, in the context of the profound transformation of the European energy architecture and global changes in the energy market. Particular attention is given to structural shifts in the EU gas sector, caused by declining domestic production, growing import dependence, price volatility, and increasing geopolitical risks, including the effects of the Russia–Ukraine conflict, which led to a reassessment of energy policy priorities and stimulated the activation of strategies for diversifying gas sources and transit routes. The article examines institutional mechanisms of cooperation, legislative initiatives, and stages of implementation of key infrastructure projects, primarily the Southern Gas Corridor as a system-forming element for transporting Caspian gas to Europe. The significance of its main components—the Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP) and the Trans-Adriatic Pipeline (TAP)—is highlighted, as they ensured direct access to European markets, enhanced supply reliability, and minimized transit risks. The importance of the Shah Deniz gas field, intergovernmental agreements, and strategic investments in creating a sustainable and long-term export model is emphasized. The study concludes that the gradual expansion of transport infrastructure, institutional coordination, and the legal framework of cooperation have strengthened the EU’s energy security, enhanced Azerbaijan’s geo-economic status, and fostered a mutually beneficial, stable, and longterm model of strategic engagement aimed at expanding regional energy integration and ensuring the sustainable development of the gas sector.