Business Models in Digital Health: Bibliometric and Systematic Review Focusing on Financial, Regulatory, and Adoption Aspects

Digital health solutions (DHSs) have significant potential to improve the efficiency, accessibility, and patient-centeredness of healthcare delivery. However, many initiatives fail to progress beyond the pilot stage due to the absence of sustainable business models (BMs) that ensure financial, regulatory, and operational viability. This study combines bibliometric analysis with a systematic review of 34 peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025 to examine how DHS BMs are structured and to identify key gaps in the literature. The bibliometric analysis reveals a shift in research focus from foundational technologies such as telemedicine and personalized medicine toward strategic dimensions, including business models, value creation, data privacy, and healthcare policy, indicating a maturing research field. Nevertheless, reimbursement remains comparatively underexplored despite its practical importance. The systematic review shows that value proposition, resources, and partnerships are the most frequently addressed business model components, whereas cost structure, licensing, customer feedback, and customer relationships receive significantly less attention. This imbalance limits the scalability and long-term sustainability of DHS initiatives. Overall, the findings highlight a structural gap in current DHS BM research, where value creation is well developed but the financial and regulatory mechanisms required for sustainable implementation remain insufficiently addressed. These insights guide researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in advancing more balanced and sustainable digital health business models.