Key result
Mortality from cardiac arrest complicating cardiogenic shock rose ~10% annually between 2009 and 2021.
Why the study?
Cardiac arrest complicating cardiogenic shock represents a high-risk phenotype, but population-level mortality trends among patients with both conditions are not well described.
Observational (n=577,658)
US mortality related to combined cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock has roughly doubled since 1999, with marked disparities across sex, age, racial/ethnic, and geographic subgroups.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Persistent disparities warrant targeted prevention research; leaves open whether interventions can reverse trends in high-risk groups.
Cardiac arrest (CA) complicating cardiogenic shock (CS) identifies a high-risk phenotype, but population-level mortality trends among patients with both conditions are not well described. Using the CDC WONDER Multiple Cause of Death database, we identified deaths among US adults aged ≥25 years from 1999 to 2024 in which both CA (ICD-10 I46) and CS (R57.0) were recorded on the same death certificate and compared them with all CS-related deaths. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 population were calculated, and temporal trends were assessed using Joinpoint regression. Overall, 98,531 CA+CS deaths occurred, compared with 577,658 CS-related deaths. The AAMR for CA+CS declined from 1.3 in 1999 to 0.9 in the mid-2000s, rose by 10.1% per year between 2009 and 2021 (95% CI 9.8 to 10.5) to a peak of 2.9, and declined modestly to 2.7 by 2024. The share of CS deaths that also listed CA increased from 12.4% to 18.9%. Men had consistently higher AAMRs than women (3.6 vs 1.9 in 2024), and adults aged ≥65 years accounted for 71.3% of deaths. Non-Hispanic Black adults had the highest rates from 2016 onward and the steepest increase, while the West had the highest and the Midwest the lowest rates among census regions. CA+CS mortality in the United States has roughly doubled since 1999, with persistent differences by sex, race and ethnicity, age, and region that warrant study with clinically detailed data.
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Jain et al. (2026) conducted an observational in Cardiac arrest complicating cardiogenic shock (n=577,658). Concomitant cardiac arrest (ICD-10 I46) and cardiogenic shock (R57.0) vs. All cardiogenic shock-related deaths was evaluated on Age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) per 100,000 population (Annual increase 10.1% (2009-2021), 95% CI 9.8-10.5). Cardiac arrest complicating cardiogenic shock mortality rose from an AAMR of 1.3 in 1999 to 2.7 in 2024, increasing 10.1%/year from 2009-2021 (95% CI 9.8-10.5).
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