Key result
Cardiogenic shock mortality in ischemic heart disease surged ~4% annually from 2011 to 2021.
Why the study?
Cardiogenic shock is a lethal complication of ischemic heart disease, but long-term mortality patterns and demographic disparities in this population remain poorly characterized.
Observational (n=304,230)
Effect estimate: APC 4.39 (95% CI 3.91-5.22)
p-value: p=<0.05
Mortality from ischemic heart disease complicated by cardiogenic shock has surged since 2011, highlighting the need for targeted interventions for high-risk demographic groups.
Heightened clinical vigilance warranted for IHD patients at shock risk after 2011 mortality rise; leaves open drivers and targeted prevention strategies.
Background: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a lethal complication of ischemic heart disease (IHD) leading to increased mortality, yet we lack information on long-term mortality patterns and disparities that exist among CS patients with IHD. Our study assesses temporal trends and demographic variations in mortality associated with IHD and CS in the United States. Methods: We analyzed the CDC WONDER database for adults aged ≥45 years from 1999 to 2024. Deaths listing both IHD and CS as underlying or contributing causes were extracted. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 population were calculated, and temporal trends were evaluated using Joinpoint regression to estimate the annual percent change (APC). Results: Overall, 304,230 mortalities were recorded from 1999 to 2024. The overall AAMR decreased from 14 to 10.9 over the study period. However, after initial declines, a noticeable trend reversal occurred, with rates rising sharply from 2011 to 2021 (APC: 4.39). Males exhibited a twofold higher average AAMR than females (13.1 vs. 6.8). Non-Hispanic (NH) American Indians averaged the highest AAMR (11.2) and exhibited a sustained mortality increase spanning nearly the entire study period. Regionally, the highest rates were observed in the South (9.8) and in non-metropolitan areas (10.7). Conclusion: Despite an overall 25-year decline, mortality from IHD and CS surged significantly between 2011 and 2021. Persistent disparities among males, NH American Indians, older individuals, and rural populations highlight the need for targeted interventions.
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Hassan et al. (2026) conducted an observational in Ischemic heart disease and cardiogenic shock (n=304,230). Temporal trends (1999-2024) was evaluated on Age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) per 100,000 population and Annual Percent Change (APC) (APC 4.39, 95% CI 3.91-5.22, p=<0.05). Despite an overall 25-year decline, age-adjusted mortality from ischemic heart disease and cardiogenic shock surged significantly between 2011 and 2021 (APC 4.39).
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