Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: Roles in ovarian function regulation and ovarian cancer

The ovary plays a vital role in reproductive health and endocrine balance, yet it remains highly vulnerable to disorders ranging from hormonal imbalances to malignant tumors. Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) pose significant threats to fertility, while ovarian cancer continues to suffer from high recurrence and treatment resistance. Given the limitations of current therapies, there is a pressing need for safer and more effective interventions. Panax ginseng Meyer has been recognized for centuries as a premier medicinal herb with diverse pharmacological benefits. Its primary active components, ginsenosides, exhibit potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor activities. Modern research has demonstrated that these compounds can effectively regulate immune responses and protect vital organ functions. This review explores the mechanisms by which ginseng and its saponins address ovarian dysfunction and malignancy. By examining how these natural products modulate key molecular pathways, we highlight their potential as adjuvant agents to restore reproductive health and improve oncological outcomes. Ultimately, ginsenosides offer a promising natural strategy for enhancing the clinical management of complex ovarian diseases.