Key result
Urban residence is linked to ~4% higher odds of hypertension alongside age and disease history.
Why the study?
Hypertension is a major public health problem in Indonesia with continuously rising prevalence and a disparity between urban and rural areas, motivating an analysis of its socioeconomic determinants.
Cross-Sectional (n=628,898)
Yes
In a national cross-sectional survey of 628,898 Indonesians, hypertension prevalence was 46.7% across both urban and rural regions, driven primarily by prior disease history, older age, marital status, employment, and lower education, while upper-middle economic status and sex were significant determinants only in rural areas.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
These associations should not yet guide targeted screening; cross-sectional data leaves open causal inference and rural-specific socioeconomic effects.
Hypertension remains a major public health problem in Indonesia, marked by a continuously rising prevalence and a clear disparity between urban and rural areas. This study aimed to analyze the socioeconomic determinants of hypertension status in Indonesia using aggregate data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI). A quantitative approach with an analytical descriptive design based on a cross-sectional framework was employed, involving all respondents recorded in the 2023 SKI dataset, totaling 628,898 individuals. The variables analyzed included education, occupation, economic status, marital status, health insurance ownership, age, sex, health history, and lifestyle. Blood pressure measurements revealed an overall hypertension prevalence of 46.7%, with comparable proportions in urban (46.7%) and rural areas (46.6%), and the highest geographic concentrations in East Java and Central Java. Multivariable logistic regression (final model) identified disease history as the strongest determinant, followed by older age, married status, employment, low education, health insurance ownership, and urban residence. Stratified analysis revealed that middle-upper economic status and female sex were statistically significant only in rural areas. These findings highlight the need for tailored community-based interventions and regionally adaptive health policies to address hypertension across Indonesia.
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Karamina et al. (2026) conducted a cross-sectional in Hypertension (n=628,898). Urban residence (vs rural residence) and socioeconomic determinants (comorbid disease history, older age, marital status, employment, education, health insurance) vs. Rural residence and reference socioeconomic categories was evaluated on Hypertension status (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg) (OR 1.044, 95% CI 1.033-1.055, p=0.000). Urban residence (OR 1.044), disease history (OR 7.282), older age (OR 3.430), marriage (OR 1.594), employment (OR 1.311), and low education (OR 1.274) independently increased hypertension odds.
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