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standard deviation by 15.8% and 21.0% relative to the top-heavy and bottom-heavy distributions, respectively. With counter-clockwise co-swirl at an excess-air ratio of 1.2, increasing the inclination angle from 5° to 15° reduced the cross-sectional temperature standard deviation by 45.3% and the outlet NOx concentration by 81.5%. At 15°, an excess-air ratio of 1.5 gave the lowest predicted NOx concentration among the three ratios tested, whereas 1.2 maintained the highest outlet temperature and lowest calculated CO mass fraction. A separate 60 kg/h steady-state calculation was compared with the prototype temperature record. The results show how the investigated air-supply settings redistribute oxygen and affect temperature and modeled NOx formation in the compact furnace.
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Zhang et al. (2026) studied this question.
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