The Orthogonal Strong Force I:Nuclear Binding Energies from an Orthogonal Charge Bond

The orthogonal charge bond of Paper I is applied to chemistry, where it is called the Tovacian bond. Four results are reported. (1) A covalent bond carries one orthogonal channel, ¼ Rc e²/r per shared pair: across ten diatomic molecules the median is 0.248 per bond order. A Coulomb (dot) part and a Lorentz (cross) part trade off with the frame angle, and every bond lies within 10° of orthogonal. (2) A hydrogen bond is one channel carried by a partial charge q = (√2 − 1)P/P_water, with P the dipolar factor fixed earlier from bond angles. This gives 21.3 kJ/mol per O–H···O bond (alcohols: 21.8 ± 1.0) and the amine-to-alcohol ratio to 1%. (3) A main-group period is a sequence of quaternion passes, 0, s | i, j, k | −i, −j, −k. The first unit of the second pass returns to its partner's point the long way round, and its net energy step is zero. This rule passed six of six pre-registered ionization-energy series (r² ≥ 0.988). Its residual, built only from the proportions of the projected Clifford torus, s₂ = (√2 − 1)o − (3 − 2√2)hcR_∞/P, passed a registered test on electron affinities (errors 0.004, 0.11, 0.14 eV). (4) The d and f blocks are two passes of 5 and of 7. The registered dip at d⁶ and f⁸ appears in every series tested (3d, 4d, 4f and 5d). Its size follows a law of moments, cost × local torus radius = tube diameter, with the block placed on the torus as in the author's chart (Section {sec:pred}). The full test record of the model's development is tabulated in Section {sec:record}.