The development of VISUALISE: a co-designed, theory-based self-management intervention for stroke-related visual impairment

Background Stroke‑related visual impairment (SRVI) affects up to 65% of individuals post-stroke and has sustained consequences for confidence, participation, and emotional well-being. While self‑management is increasingly emphasised in stroke policy, existing programmes do not specifically address the long‑term needs associated with stroke-related visual impairment. This study aimed to develop VISUALISE, a theory‑driven, evidence‑informed, and co‑designed self‑management intervention tailored for stroke-related visual impairment.Methods Intervention Mapping, underpinned by Social Cognitive Theory, guided intervention design and drew on four evidence sources: (1) a mixed‑method systematic review; (2) a qualitative study of lived experience and unmet needs; (3) five stakeholder focus groups involving people with lived experience, professionals, caregivers, and academics; and (4) Behaviour Change Technique mapping using the Theory and Techniques Tool. Data were analysed using a framework approach aligned with Intervention Mapping stages.Results VISUALISE comprises nine weekly peer‑led sessions supported by an accessible workbook. The intervention targets four domains: information and education, practical support, peer and emotional support, and strengthening confidence. Key behaviour change techniques include modelling, structured goal‑setting, and self‑monitoring. Co‑design contributions shaped specific features such as a readiness assessment, protected pre‑session peer interaction, balanced peer narratives, tailored accessibility adaptations, and optional booster sessions. A TIDieR specification outlines materials, procedures, tailoring, delivery, and facilitator training.Conclusion VISUALISE is a novel, theory‑driven, co‑designed self‑management intervention tailored for stroke‑related visual impairment. The intervention specifies hypothesised mechanisms of action and practical implementation considerations. Future research should evaluate acceptability, fidelity, and effectiveness in real‑world settings.