Factors Associated with Hypertension in Urban Community in West Java, Indonesia: The Effect of Daily Smoking

Hypertension is a major non-communicable disease problem related to a wide range of demographic and behavioral characteristics. Smoking is a relevant behavior influencing cardiovascular health, but evidence on the association between smoking and cardiovascular health in urban populations is limited. This study aims to analyze factors related to hypertension, especially the daily smoking habits of adults in the urban area of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. This study used a secondary data analysis of the 2021 Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors Survey in urban areas of Bogor. The analysis included 1,218 respondents aged 31-80 years. The study tested six independent variables: age, gender, education, employment status, wealth status, and daily smoking habits. Bivariate analysis was conducted with Chi-square test and multivariate analysis using logistic regression to obtain adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). In bivariate analyses, age, sex, education, employment status, and daily smoking habits were significantly associated with hypertension. After adjustment, the odds of hypertension were higher at the age of 41-50 years (AOR = 1.752; 95% CI: 1.142–2.688), 51-60 years (AOR = 2.744; 95% CI: 1.789–1.208), 61–70 years of age (AOR = 4.945; 95% CI: 3.094-7.901), and 71–80 years of age (AOR = 2.814; 95% CI: 1.348-5.875), compared to age 31–40 years of age. Women (AOR = 2.001; 95% CI: 1.468–2.729) and unemployed respondents (AOR = 1.612; 95% CI: 1.056–2.460) also had higher odds. Education and daily smoking were no longer significant after adjustment; in addition, smoking had an AOR of 1.257 (95% CI: 0.948–1.667; p = 0.113) Age, gender, and employment status were associated with hypertension in the urban population of Bogor, West Java. Education and daily smoking showed no significant association after adjustment.