Key result
Ambient temperature >27.2°C is linked to ~96% higher odds of uncontrolled blood pressure.
Why the study?
Evidence on the relationship between ambient temperature and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients in tropical cities was limited.
Does exposure to higher ambient temperature (>27.2°C) affect blood pressure control in hypertensive patients in urban Indonesia?
Cross-Sectional (n=3,789)
Yes
Does exposure to higher ambient temperature (>27.2°C) affect blood pressure control in hypertensive patients in urban Indonesia?
In two tropical Indonesian cities, exposure to monthly mean ambient temperatures above 27.2°C was independently associated with nearly double the odds of uncontrolled blood pressure among hypertensive patients.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Should not yet change hypertension management; cross-sectional data leave causal effects of temperature on control open for prospective study.
Evidence on the relationship between ambient temperature and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients in tropical cities remains limited. We examined this relationship in Batam and Semarang, two Indonesian cities with different geographic settings. This cross-sectional analysis used records of 3,789 hypertensive patients in the national Sehat IndonesiaKu (ASIK) system from July 2022 to December 2023. Monthly mean temperature for each city was matched to the month and year of blood pressure measurement. Patients were classified as having controlled blood pressure when systolic pressure was <140 mmHg and diastolic pressure was <90 mmHg; all others were classified as uncontrolled. Temperature was categorized as <27.2°C or >27.2°C, using the mean temperature in the analytic dataset as the cutoff. Uncontrolled blood pressure was more frequent in the higher-temperature group than in the lower-temperature group (94.5% vs 89.8%). After adjustment for city, age, sex, physical activity, smoking, diabetes, and obesity, the odds of uncontrolled blood pressure remained higher at >27.2°C (AOR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.21-3.17; p = 0.006). Blood pressure control did not differ significantly between Batam and Semarang (p = 0.450). These findings concern hypertensive patients recorded in ASIK and support further study of temperature in hypertension care in tropical cities.
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Hidayangsih et al. (2026) conducted a cross-sectional in Hypertension (n=3,789). Monthly mean ambient temperature >27.2°C vs. Monthly mean ambient temperature <27.2°C was evaluated on Uncontrolled blood pressure (systolic ≥140 mmHg or diastolic ≥90 mmHg) (AOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.21-3.17, p=0.006). Ambient temperature >27.2°C was associated with higher odds of uncontrolled blood pressure compared to <27.2°C.
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