The effectiveness of multimedia learning: the role of working memory capacity

Context and relevance. According to the redundancy principle of cognitive theory of multimedia learning, learning occurs more effectively when verbal text and illustrations are presented rather than verbal text, illustrations and screen text that repeats the verbal content. The principle of reverse redundancy, on the other hand, suggests that the presence of short, relevant text promotes effective learning. The principle of redundancy is based on the fact that working memory has a limited capacity. Objective: to identify the role of working memory capacity in the effectiveness of the principles of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning. Hypothesis. There is a relationship between the effectiveness of the principles of redundancy and reverse redundancy and working memory capacity considered as an individual difference. Methods and materials. Working memory capacity was measured using the Operation Span task. Short educational videos, which were presentations voiced by the instructor's voice, with full screen text, short text, or no text, were used as stimulus material. Learning effectiveness was assessed using an objective knowledge test after viewing each educational video. Results. There was no interaction between the factors of working memory capacity and presentation type. The group without on-screen text performed best on the knowledge test, while the group with full on-screen text performed worst. Conclusions. The findings of the study demonstrate that individual differences in WM capacity do not mediate the effectiveness of the principles of redundancy and inverse redundancy. The study recommends to avoid duplicating the teacher's narrative on-screen text when creating educational multimedia presentations.