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= 5.91; 61% women). Multigroup latent change score models were calculated based on the last wave before and first wave after retirement or two consecutive waves of continued employment, respectively, with the two waves being 4 years apart. In both groups, neuroticism decreased significantly, while openness decreased only among retirees. Preretirement job satisfaction and job stress were significantly related to baseline personality trait levels but not to changes. The results are consistent with Schimanski et al. Overall, our findings suggest that retirement has minimal long-term effects on personality, and job satisfaction and job stress do not shape personality changes during this transition. The discussion focuses on implications for future studies regarding methodological approaches and possible predictors of change. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
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Stahlhofen et al. (2026) studied this question.
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