Cosmic Time Evolution in the SV0 Framework: From the Quantum Bounce to Maximum Radius and Galaxy Number Density

Abstract:In this paper (Paper XLIX of the SV0 series), we calculate the cosmic time elapsed from the quantum bounce to the present epoch and to the maximum radius of the universe. We demonstrate that all calculations must be performed in cosmic time t. Using the SV0 modified Friedmann equation in a closed 3-sphere geometry, we find that the current age of the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years. The expansion is driven by the creation of new Spacetime Quanta via the conversion of the negative-volume sector (V_B) into the positive-volume sector (V_A). The turnaround occurs when the universe reaches its maximum radius, and we model the evolution of the galaxy number density over this timeline, showing that it peaks at z ≈ 2 and declines thereafter due to mergers and cosmic expansion.