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SIMULATED, NOT MEASURED. Darcy flow (36 L/h) and first-order pause die-off are computed for a household biosand filter: a 24 h pause reaches 1.67 log bacteria and 0.73 log viruses against 1.22 and 0.61 log at 1 h; hardware is US$0.397 per 1000 L. Virus performance alone is insufficient and storage discipline is specified. Nothing was built or field-tested.
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William Alexander Aldred (2026) studied this question.
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