Boiling, Priced Honestly: The Energy, Money and Time Cost per Family per Year, Against Alternatives at the Same Protection — and the Storage Bill Nobody Adds

SIMULATED, NOT MEASURED. Boiling 20 L/day needs 7.6 MJ/day of useful heat and costs US$110.65 (LPG) to US$218.91 (charcoal) per year plus 274 attendance hours — one to two orders above ceramic or chlorine alternatives — and leaves no residual, so storage discipline is still required. Computation only; nothing was built or field-tested.