Lumped Circuits Modeling of Dynamic Energy Transfer in Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Nonlinear Electromechanical Coupling

Powering autonomous electronics, sensors, and wearable systems using small‐scale daily mechanical energy is becoming increasingly important. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) offer a lightweight, flexible, and adaptable route for such applications, particularly when movements are involved. Here, we present a first‐of‐its‐kind unified dynamic energy‐transfer framework for TENGs, coupling their mechanical and electrical domains through a lumped element‐based equivalent circuit (LEEC) model. The framework captures time‐varying electrostatic behavior and key mechanical parameters, mass, damping, and stiffness, within a single predictive platform, enabling system‐level analysis of dynamic efficiency, impedance, resonance, and power transfer under different excitation conditions. The Thévenin equivalent model reveals that TENG performance is dynamically governed by excitation frequency, resonance, load matching, and surface charge density, approaching a time‐averaged theoretical efficiency of ∼54%. Experimental validation across devices with varied mechanical parameters shows close agreement with theory in electrical response and frequency‐dependent behavior. Furthermore, four borophene‐modified TENGs with different charge‐generation characteristics exhibit a systematic increase in electrical output and an estimated efficiency of up to 14.2% for the examined parameter space, supporting the model‐predicted dependence of energy‐conversion performance on surface charge density. The LEEC‐guided platform enables coupled energy and information harvesting through resonance‐enhanced capacitor charging and self‐powered road‐state sensing.