Post-Treatment of 3D-Printed Batteries: Fundamentals, Strategies, and Future Perspectives

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a powerful manufacturing technology for constructing batteries with complex geometries and customized architectures. Despite these advantages, the electrochemical and mechanical properties of as-fabricated components are often insufficient for practical battery applications. Consequently, post-treatment has become an indispensable, yet frequently underemphasized, step in transforming printed structures into high-performance energy storage devices. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of post-treatment strategies for 3D-printed battery materials and devices. Particular emphasis is placed on their fundamental roles in tailoring microstructures, engineering electrode/electrolyte interfaces, and regulating electrochemically active sites. Representative post-treatment approaches applicable to different 3D printing technologies are systematically discussed, establishing a practical framework for selecting appropriate treatments according to printing methods and battery requirements. Finally, future opportunities and remaining challenges are highlighted to guide the continued development of post-treatment technologies for next-generation 3D-printed batteries.