Integrating CPM, PERT and Earned Value Management for Economic Sustainability in Residential Construction: A Case Study

Reliable schedule and cost control support the economic sustainability of construction project delivery. This study examines the combined application of the Critical Path Method (CPM), PERT, Monte Carlo simulation, and Earned Value Management (EVM) with Earned Schedule (ES) to residential shell construction in Kraków. A retrospective comparison of the baseline schedule with activity durations and monthly progress records identifies weaknesses in the duration estimates and examines their implications for project control. Construction exceeded the baseline duration by 11.8%. The simulation based on retrospectively elicited duration estimates understated the observed delay, while a sensitivity scenario demonstrated the dependence of completion probabilities on the assumed duration distributions. Earned Schedule retained information about delay at completion, when the conventional schedule performance index returned to unity. Forecast errors varied across construction phases, including a temporary recovery followed by renewed delay. Reported costs for the EVM scope are distinguished from a separate scenario calculation of time-dependent site overheads. The findings support the calibration of duration estimates against comparable records and the use of time-based indicators alongside cost measures. Environmental effects are discussed as potential consequences; they are not quantified by the monetary overhead calculation.