The Ultimate Analysis of Redshift and Blueshift

Mainstream modern cosmology attributes the spectral redshift of extragalactic galaxies to the stretching of light waves by spacetime expansion. This interpretation is built on the presupposition that light is a wave attached to spacetime. Based on the Theory of Light Origin, this paper proposes that photons are pointlike energy particles without volume and are not physical objects. Photons exhibit lateral jitter during propagation and follow a sinusoidal motion path. The wavelike feature belongs only to the trajectory rather than the photon ontology. The photon has no tail and no extended structure. Even if one hypothetically assumes that spacetime possesses stretching capacity, there exists no physical object available to be stretched. The universe is infinite threedimensional space. Space itself has no physical property for expansion. The logic of an infinite void becoming larger through expansion does not hold. Spacetime serves merely as a coordinate marker for position. It has no substantial physical force. Even under the mathematical assumption of coordinate scale inflation, photon energy cannot be altered. There are only two genuine interaction pathways for photon energy increase and energy decrease. The first is photonphoton coupling collision. Energy redistribution occurs when frequency, polarization and incident angle satisfy matching conditions and produces redshift or blueshift. The second is collision between photons and selflocked physical particles. Highenergy gamma photons may break physical structures and lose energy simultaneously. Observation can be divided into three layers according to propagation distance. In nearby regions photon loss is limited and blueshift signals can be fully preserved. In intermediate regions redshift and blueshift effects coexist and may balance each other. In distant regions blueshift photons suffer severe loss and observations are dominated by redshift. For distant sources blueshift photons generated by energy gain face multiple survival difficulties. They are prone to midflight loss due to increased reaction channels or lose spectral fingerprint features when energy exceeds detection bands. This creates a survivor bias that favors observed redshift. Spectral offset is an observational fact and cannot be directly equated to spacetime expansion. Complete demonstrations concerning the nonexpandable nature of infinite threedimensional space can be found in other relevant papers by this author.