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A complete dam-free run-of-stream pico-hydro design for a stated reference stream (35 m gross head, 78-260 L/s monthly flows) serving 45 households. The turbine is sized to the dry season: dry-season minimum output is 12.35 kW continuous (281.7 kWh/day in the driest month), 1.73 times village demand, at a levelised cost of $0.060 per kWh served versus $0.42 for solar plus battery delivering the same continuous service. Includes penstock sizing, costs, failure conditions, and a one-visit site specification. Simulated, not measured.
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William Alexander Aldred (2026) studied this question.
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