Bovine Lameness: Anatomical Structures, Common Pathologies and Clinical Management

Bovine lameness is a multifactorial clinical condition in cattle characterised by an abnormal gait, altered stance or asymmetric weight-bearing. It is caused by structural, infectious, metabolic or traumatic lesions involving the foot (hoof capsule, digital cushion, corium and deep tissues) or the proximal limb joints, bones, tendons, and muscles and results in significant economic loss, reduced milk production and compromised animal welfare. The hindlimb claws are especially predisposed due to primary weight-bearing mechanics, mechanical strain on the corium and structural susceptibilities such as the patellar lock mechanism or hip joint geometry. Affected animals present with irregular gait, altered posture, prolonged recumbency or localised joint distension, requiring timely clinical evaluation and targeted therapy. Medical and surgical interventions including corrective hoof trimming, closed or open medial patellar desmotomy, manual hip reduction and intensive supportive nursing for downer cows are selected based on the specific anatomical site and etiology. Because treatment of advanced conditions carries a guarded prognosis, management must emphasise preventive practices, including proper floor surfaces, balanced concentrate-to-fiber ratios and routine claw care.