Proton Number Fluctuations in Au+Au and Ag+Ag Collisions at √sNN=2.4\ GeV: A JAM Model Study

Proton number fluctuations in low-energy heavy-ion collisions are sensitive to nuclear interactions, baryon-number conservation, and fluctuations of the collision volume, all of which can complicate searches for critical phenomena. We investigate proton-number cumulants and factorial cumulants up to fourth order in Au+Au and Ag+Ag collisions at √sNN=2.4\ GeV using the JAM hadronic transport model in cascade and mean-field modes. We employ the Centrality-Independent Genuine Cumulant Analysis fRamework (CIGAR) to suppress the initial-volume fluctuations and compare its results with those obtained using conventional centrality-bin-width corrections. CIGAR closely reproduces the participant-number-based reference, whereas the multiplicity-based analysis exhibits substantial deviations. In both collision systems, the ratios C₂/C₁, C₃/C₁, and C₄/C₂ generally decrease toward more central collisions and with increasing rapidity acceptance, while the mean field modifies their magnitudes. A simplified treatment of light-nucleus formation through probabilistic proton removal shifts C₄/C₂ toward less negative values. These results establish a hadronic-transport reference without an explicit QCD critical contribution and highlight the importance of controlling centrality fluctuations, acceptance, and light-nucleus formation when interpreting experimental measurements at high baryon density.