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Design and computation for a self-contained, solar-powered flood witness for low-water road crossings: upstream level and rate-of-rise sensing with a local warning beacon. Computes warning minutes before a crossing becomes impassable, the sensor placement maximising warning per dollar, and the warning/false-closure trade-off versus trigger threshold. SIMULATED, NOT MEASURED. For the smallest steep catchments the computed warning is 1.67 minutes and the paper recommends a physical barrier, not a beacon.
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William Alexander Aldred (2026) studied this question.
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