Testicular Microlithiasis Associated With Hydrocele: A Rare Case Report in Primary Health Care in the Recôncavo Region of Bahia, Brazil

Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is a rare clinical condition, typically asymptomatic, detected through scrotal ultrasound (US).Generally, it affects adults, but it is also common in the pediatric population.Although it is most often an incidental clinical finding, it can be associated with the investigation of common testicular conditions, benign testicular tumors, or even malignant neoplasms.In this report, we present the case of a 50-year-old man under investigation for recurrent scrotal pain, in whom TM was detected in both testes, associated with bilateral hydrocele.Among the range of testicular diseases correlated with TM, there are few case reports in the literature associating it with hydrocele.In this context, the presence of TM during the syndromic evaluation of the testes makes it imperative to conduct a more thorough and careful clinical investigation.In some cases, such as the one we present in this report, additional diagnostic workup may be required through further tests in order to rule out the risk of more complex conditions that may occur concomitantly with TM.The clinical significance of TM and its association with benign diseases, such as hydrocele, and testicular cancer remain controversial, although the literature demonstrates a considerable prevalence of other potentially associated testicular conditions.In light of the clinical findings from the case report, we hope that our discussions provide relevant data to support the design of future studies and the publication of new studies focused on understanding the significance of TM.