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We determine the light, strange and charm $σ$-terms of the nucleon in lattice QCD using four Nf=2+1+1 twisted-mass gauge ensembles simulated at physical pion masses and with approximately the same spatial volumes. The four lattice spacings ranging from $0.080$ fm to $0.049$ fm, with an action that has O(a) improvement, enable extrapolating the results to the continuum limit. Both valence and sea quark contributions are analysed accounting for excited-state contamination from low-lying multihadron states. We perform global fits to all ensembles, that yield σπN=53.0(7.4)(1.6) MeV, σₛ=58.2(17.0)(2.1) MeV and σc=112(28)(25) MeV, with statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively.
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Alexandrou et al. (2026) studied this question.
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