Assessment of the Larvicidal Activity of Plant Extracts, with Special Reference to Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in India: A Review

Mosquitoes are vectors for various deadly diseases, such as chikungunya, dengue fever, filariasis, haemorrhagic fever, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, yellow fever, the West Nile virus, and Zika fever. Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions of people every year. Consequently, mosquito control is essential for public health, particularly in tropical areas. Various synthetic chemicals, such as pyrethrum, picaridin, dimethyl phthalate, dimethyl carbonate, organophosphates, and carbamates, are widely used in mosquito control. These compounds can be broadly classified into insecticides (e.g., pyrethrum, organophosphates, and carbamates) and insect repellents (e.g., picaridin and dimethyl phthalate) based on their mode of action. However, their extensive use is associated with adverse effects, including biomagnification, environmental pollution, persistence (non-biodegradability), and toxicity to non-target organisms. To overcome these effects, we must seek alternatives. Conversely, plant-based phytochemicals are predominantly active in mosquito control initiatives due to their efficiency, environmental safety, and suitability as a viable alternative to synthetic larvicides. This review provides evidence that various plant extracts can control Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquito populations. This control is crucial for reducing the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases. By exploring various locally available plant extracts, this study highlights research gaps, guides future studies, and promotes eco-friendly vector management.