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The coupling falls from 1.70e-13 at a decay constant of 10^9 GeV to 1.70e-16 at 10^12 GeV. Requiring it to stay below 2.80e-13 forces the decay constant above 6.08e+08 GeV, corresponding to a QCD axion mass below 9.37e+03 micro-electronvolts. These are strong statements about the DFSZ line specifically; a KSVZ axion, whose tree-level electron coupling vanishes, is untouched by them. The bound density of 9.72e+54 g per cubic centimetre appears nowhere in the cooling calculation, whose densest point is the white-dwarf core. This study is computed from stated assumptions and published comparison values; it is not a measurement.
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William Alexander Aldred (2026) studied this question.
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