The structure of multistakeholder collaboration in innovating medical equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia: An innovation ecosystem perspective

From an innovation ecosystem perspective, this study identifies the structure of multistakeholder collaboration in the innovation process for medical equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Applying a multi-case study approach, data were collected through document analysis and semi-structured interviews. The results reveal that the keystone's role is indispensable for finding partners and orchestrating the innovation ecosystem. Stemming from the value proposition, activities, and actors throughout the innovation process, the innovation ecosystem grows based on the interrelation of positions where the interdependent actors co-create value. The six constituting positions (ideation, R&D, funding, testing, manufacturing, and commercialization) create supportive conditions for actors to work collaboratively and interdependently, led by the keystone of the innovation ecosystem. The government plays an important role as a policymaker to orchestrate the emergence of an innovation ecosystem through facilitating policy packages with several flexibilities and changes. In this complex multistakeholder relation, social capital significantly contributes to the network development of the innovation ecosystem to materialize the value proposition.