Artisanal Fishing Crafts and Gears of the Gandak River, India: Implications for Inland Fisheries Management

This study documents the diversity, selectivity, and ecological implications of artisanal fishing crafts and gears used in the Gandak River, India, based on year-round field observations (September 2023-August 2024). Gill nets were the most dominant gear category, widely used across seasons, followed by cast nets, traps, and hook and line systems. Large-mesh gill nets (>100 mm) showed relatively low ecological impact, whereas small-mesh gill nets (<40 mm), mosquito nets, and drag nets were associated with high juvenile bycatch and habitat disturbance. Traditional gears such as bamboo traps and hook and line demonstrated high selectivity and minimal ecological impact. Seasonal analysis indicated peak use of destructive gears during low-flow periods, increasing risks to early life stages. The findings highlight a dual system where sustainable traditional practices coexist with increasingly harmful fishing methods. Strengthening mesh-size regulations, restricting destructive gears, and promoting community-based co-management are critical for sustainable fisheries in the Gandak River.