Exploratory analysis of pedestrian bridge hazards and their linkages with traveler perception and demographic in varying land uses for a developing urban conglomerate

There has been a lack of literature related to pedestrian bridges, especially related to their unique issues in the developing urban environment. Therefore, the present research aims to explore the linkages between pedestrian bridge use, hazards, and land use with each other and with user demographics. The data from 33 bridges in Karachi were gathered using user surveys (495 samples) and bridge conditions. Non-parametric statistical techniques were employed for the analysis, with spatial visualization and hotspot analysis. The results revealed that almost all the bridges were in unsafe conditions, with most of them having multiple hazards. Despite that, their average usage ranking was mostly above 3 (out of 4). The labor class had a lower usage ranking for pedestrian bridges, while female users had a higher ranking than their respective counterparts. Statistical analysis, when complemented with spatial analysis, led to the recommendations prioritizing the pedestrian bridge improvement program throughout the city, especially in the residential areas. This research provides an essential contribution to the existing knowledge related to pedestrian behavior and perceptions with regard to pedestrian bridge hazards and land uses. It employs a comprehensive and self-validating methodology for evaluating pedestrian bridges, which can be equally viable for other urban areas.