Comparative Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Analysis of Holmskioldia sanguinea Extracts

Plant secondary metabolites, particularly polyphenols and flavonoids, are natural antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial potential of Holmskioldia sanguinea. Ethanolic leaf extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (265 ± 1.08 mg GAE g-1), while methanolic leaf extract showed the highest flavonoid content (124 ± 2.63 mg QE g-1). The ethanolic stem extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS assays, with IC₅₀ values of 1.269 and 3.523 µg mL-1, respectively. Methanolic stem extract exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.