Integrating On-Site and Off-Site Palynological Analyses in Palaeolithic Archaeology: Advantages, Good Practices and Challenges

Palynology is a relatively young discipline, and its applications within Palaeolithic archaeology are still being refined. Developing a comprehensive and critical understanding of its role in both the study of cave (on-site) and wetland (off-site) sequences requires a thorough and systematic assessment. This paper provides a concise overview of the historical development of archaeological palynology and proposes a set of recommended good practices to guide future research. We also discuss key challenges, including the handling of taphonomic biases, chronological issues, and the management of data gaps arising from the integration of palynological and archaeological information. Finally, selected case studies illustrate the practical implications of these issues and highlight strategies for improving the robustness of on-site/off-site correlations and palaeoenvironmental interpretations.