Plasma in dentistry: Evidence, applications and research trends (Review)

The present review aimed to summarize the current evidence on the applications, mechanisms, advantages and limitations of plasma in dentistry.The fourth state of matter, plasma, consists of ions, electrons and reactive species with distinctive physical and chemical properties.Its non-thermal form, non-thermal plasma (NTP) or cold atmospheric plasma, has emerged as a minimally invasive dental modality due to its antimicrobial, decontaminating and tissue-modifying effects.A comprehensive literature search of full-text, peer-reviewed articles published between January, 2000 and December, 2024 using the terms 'cold atmospheric plasma', 'non-thermal plasma' and 'plasma in dentistry' identified 14 eligible articles reporting primary data on dental applications.The analyzed evidence revealed that NTP possesses potent antimicrobial and biofilm-disrupting properties, enabling effective instrument sterilization, cavity disinfection, root canal decontamination and implant surface modification.It was also found to improve dentin-composite bonding, enhance periodontal tissue regeneration, accelerate wound healing, facilitate tooth bleaching without enamel damage and exhibit antifungal activity against Candida albicans.However, further research is required to refine device technology, improve clinical accessibility, and establish standardized protocols for routine use in modern and pediatric dentistry.