Smart biodiesel systems in integrating nano-additives and artificial intelligence for cleaner internal combustion engines

The transition toward sustainable transport and energy systems requires integrated innovations that address both technical performance and environmental sustainability. This review examines the synergistic roles of biodiesel, nano additives, and artificial intelligence as enablers of clean energy adoption. Biodiesel derived from first- to fourth-generation feedstocks offers a renewable alternative to fossil diesel, with life cycle assessments reporting reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, improved air quality, and comparable engine efficiency. Biodiesel-nano-additive system improvements reportedly yield approximately 3-10% improvement in brake thermal efficiency and up to 12% reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption, along with lower particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emissions under optimum operating conditions. AI-based optimization techniques make it possible to forecast fuel properties, combustion characteristics, and engine performance in biodiesel-fueled systems. Beyond technological performance, this review highlights environmental, economic, and policy implications of integrating these domains. Reduced particulate and toxic emissions support public health protection and urban air quality objectives. Economically, biodiesel systems can reduce vehicle maintenance costs, decrease reliance on imported fuels, strengthen energy security, and create rural employment. Policy opportunities include renewable fuel mandates, incentives for green nanomaterials, and data-driven regulatory frameworks. Future research should emphasize green nanoparticle synthesis, AI-enabled digital twin modeling, and circular-economy integration in supporting transport and decarbonized energy systems worldwide.