Preparing TVET for generation Alpha: a systematic literature review on implementation challenges and future strategies in Malaysia

In Malaysia, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is conducted in accordance with the principles and requirements of the Alpha Generation, which was established in 2010. To achieve this, the PRISMA methodology was implemented to conduct a systematic literature review of 37 articles published from 2015 to 2025 that address the issue and strategy of TVET implementation for this generation. The study identified several significant issues. This includes pedagogical practices that align with the learning styles of Generation Alpha, growing desire to reform TVET, the public’s perception of TVET, and the desire to successfully integrate digital technology. The utilization of immersive technology (AR/VR), project-based and student-centered learning methodologies, and active industry engagement in relevant skills research are few future strategies discussed in this study. The proposed solution to enhance TVET preparedness for the Fourth Industrial Revolution is a modular implementation framework that integrates curriculum transformation, instructor competency development, and close collaboration between educational institutions and industry. Discussions also encompass the implications of policies and proposals for further research to ensure that TVET can produce a skilled, competitive workforce prepared to confront future challenges.