Integration of Location-Based Services Into an Android-Based Mobile GIS for Road Equipment Inventory and Monitoring in Kapuas Regency

Road equipment inventory is essential for supporting transportation safety and infrastructure management. However, conventional inventory practices commonly rely on handheld Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) devices and paper-based forms, resulting in fragmented spatial information, delayed data synchronization, and inefficient field operations. This study developed and evaluated an Android-based Mobile Geographic Information System (Mobile GIS) integrating Location-Based Services (LBS) and a serverless cloud architecture to support real-time road equipment inventory and monitoring in Kapuas Regency, Indonesia. The proposed system employs automated coordinate acquisition, spatial data binding, cloud-based synchronization, marker clustering, radius-based asset scanning, and route navigation to improve field data collection and management. System functionality was evaluated using Black Box Testing. At the same time, spatial performance was assessed through ground verification of 30 representative asset locations using the Spherical Law of Cosines (SLOC) to quantify horizontal positional deviations. The application successfully integrated 616 road equipment assets into a centralized geospatial database. Functional testing confirmed that all core modules operated successfully under predefined testing scenarios. Spatial validation produced an average horizontal deviation of 3.60 m, with deviations ranging from 0.68 m to 7.71 m, remaining within the expected positioning accuracy of navigation-grade smartphone GNSS devices. The serverless architecture also simplified database management by reducing dependence on dedicated physical servers while maintaining reliable synchronization between spatial attributes and multimedia data. These findings demonstrate that integrating LBS with Mobile GIS provides an efficient and practical framework for road equipment inventory, spatial data management, and transportation infrastructure monitoring in local government agencies.