Neuromuscular efficiency in schoolchildren: a 16-week structured exercise program improves plantar load distribution across static, dynamic and load-bearing tasks

Background Neuromuscular efficiency in children is associated with the control of postural and gait mechanics, which are dependent on physical activity levels. Alterations in plantar pressure distribution provide objective indices of load control and efficiency of movement under various functional conditions. The study aimed to explore the effects of a 16-week structured exercise program on plantar pressure distribution and neuromuscular efficiency in schoolchildren at static, dynamic, and load-bearing conditions. Methods For a total of 147 schoolchildren, a controlled experimental design where pre–post measurements were conducted (experimental: n = 74; control: n = 73). Plantar pressure was evaluated during standing, ambulation, and walking with a schoolbag. Statistical analyses were conducted with paired and independent t-tests, and two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results There was a significant reduction in plantar pressure in the experimental condition (standing: p = .024; walking: p = .017; load: p = .010), while there were no significant changes in the control group. Weight-bearing symmetry increased appreciably for the experimental group ( p < .001). Group and condition effects were found to have significant main effects in ANOVA, alongside significant interaction effects ( p < .05), showing that changes are felt more under the conditions of dynamic or load-bearing tasks. Conclusions The results show that systematic exercise increases neuromuscular utilization by optimizing distribution of loads, postural coordination and functional adaptation. The gradual improvement across all training conditions indicates that the greatest improvements occurred under dynamic and load-bearing conditions compared with quiet standing. These findings also support the development of a structured model of exercise at school for the promotion of postural health and optimal function of movement in children.