Detection of GNSS Spoofing and Jamming Using Signal Observables and Integrity Assessment

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are essential for positioning, navigation, and timing, yet their signals remain highly vulnerable to interference. Jamming and spoofing can significantly degrade receiver performance and compromise integrity, particularly under degraded signal conditions where benign distortions may resemble malicious behavior.This study proposes an integrity-aware, two-stage framework for GNSS interference detection based on signal-level observables. In the first stage, an integrity-gating mechanism evaluates whether the received signal provides sufficient evidence for reliable interpretation. Only accepted observations are forwarded to a classification stage that distinguishes between nominal, spoofing, and jamming conditions. By separating evidence validation from interference discrimination, the approach reduces the risk of overconfident decisions under uncertain signal conditions. Experimental evaluation on representative GNSS datasets demonstrates improved robustness and more reliable decision behavior while maintaining competitive detection performance. The proposed framework provides a practical basis for receiver-level integrity monitoring in operational GNSS environments.