Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
We link full-count 1920-1940 U.S. censuses to death records to study citizenship and longevity. Immigrant men who were citizens by 1930 lived 7.6 months longer than those without first papers. Sons whose fathers were citizens by 1920 lived 4.1 months longer than sons of noncitizens. Earlier naturalization is associated with greater longevity gains in both generations. Adjusting for fathers' SES and sons' early-adult SES reduces the fathers' citizenship effect.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Shi et al. (2026) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: