Digital Health Literacy and Healthcare Access Among Rural and Underserved Communities in India

Digital health has become an important component of healthcare delivery in India, particularly for extending services to rural and underserved populations. However, the availability of digital health platforms does not automatically guarantee equitable access. Digital health literacy, internet connectivity, affordability, language, disability, privacy concerns, social support and confidence in using technology influence whether individuals can effectively benefit from digital healthcare services. This review examines the relationship between digital health literacy and healthcare access among rural and underserved communities in India and discusses the potential contribution of community health nursing. Published literature and major policy and programme documents concerning digital health, telemedicine, digital health literacy, rural healthcare access and community based digital services were reviewed. The evidence indicates that digital technologies can reduce geographical barriers, facilitate remote consultations, support continuity of care and improve access to health information. However, persistent digital inequalities, limited awareness, inadequate infrastructure, low digital literacy and concerns regarding privacy and trust may restrict equitable utilization. Indian initiatives such as the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission and eSanjeevani demonstrate the potential of digital platforms to strengthen primary healthcare and connect underserved populations with health professionals. Community health nurses and other frontline health workers can act as important intermediaries by providing digital health education, assisting patients with digital services, promoting safe use of online health information and supporting continuity between digital and face to face care. Digital health equity therefore requires an integrated approach combining infrastructure, digital literacy, accessible technology, community participation, health workforce training, privacy protection and responsive public policy.