Genetic data used in the assessment of at‐risk species: A Canadian case study

Retaining genetic diversity is a central pillar of biodiversity conservation. Target 4 of the Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework emphasizes maintaining and restoring genetic diversity in wild species, a goal that creates a need for genetic research and monitoring. In Canada, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) provides recommendations for listing species under the Species at Risk Act (SARA) and may divide species into Designatable Units (DUs) based on genetic and evolutionary distinctiveness. If listed, these DUs require tailored Recovery Strategies (Endangered or Threatened species) or Management Plans (species of Special Concern) under the Act. Here, we examined how genetic information informs the species assessment to listing process in Canada. Specifically, we reviewed COSEWIC status reports for all species assessed from 1983 to 2022 to determine: (1) the proportion of DUs supported by genetic data and (2) for assessed DUs, how often genetic monitoring was mentioned in the status reports. Genetic data were referenced in 51% of assessed DUs in COSEWIC status reports, and 2.6% of these assessed DUs referenced genetic monitoring. Although vascular plants comprised the largest proportion of assessed DUs, mammals and fishes most frequently used genetic information. Our findings highlight a need to strengthen the genetic evidence base across taxa and to increase the use of genetic monitoring in conservation assessments. Researchers, funding agencies, and assessment bodies should work together to fill taxonomic gaps, improve COSEWIC assessments, and support global goals such as Target 4 of the Kunming‐Montreal Framework.