Carrier-Phase GNSS Time Transfer Compared With Direct Optical Clock Geodesy: A Common Potential Scale

Global navigation satellite system carrier-phase processing and direct optical clock comparison are often discussed in separate communities, although both ultimately constrain the same potential differences when combined with a time scale. Placing both on a common height-equivalent scale shows a gap of more than two orders of magnitude in potential resolution, while also showing why the satellite method retains decisive advantages in coverage, continuity and cost. The computed results, taken from the deposited script, are as follows in summary: The computed gnss_timing_ps_day is 200. The computed gnss_frac_day is 2.31e-15. The computed gnss_height_cm is 2.12e+03. The computed clock_height_cm is 0.916. The computed ratio is 2.31e+03. The study is a computation from stated assumptions, not a measurement, and its figures should be read at the precision those assumptions support.