Blockchain–RIS-Enabled Secure and Scalable EV Scheduling for Smart Grid Optimization

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) and distributed renewable energy sources is transforming conventional power systems into highly dynamic smart grid environments requiring secure, scalable, and low-latency coordination mechanisms. The existing EV scheduling frameworks suffer from communication bottlenecks, limited transparency, and inadequate peak demand management, particularly under high transaction volumes and decentralized energy trading conditions. This work aims to develop a secure and scalable EV scheduling framework by integrating blockchain technology with reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted communication to enhance reliability, economic efficiency, and grid stability. A multiobjective optimization model incorporating electricity cost, battery degradation cost, peak deviation penalty, and state-of-charge (SOC) constraints is formulated and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The framework further models RIS-enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), blockchain transaction latency, and throughput constraints to ensure real-time feasibility. The simulation results demonstrate 34.6% peak reduction, 93.8% grid utilization, SOC violation limited to 0.8%, and daily energy cost reduced to ₹11 248, while RIS-assisted communication improves average SNR to 29.5 dB and limits transaction latency to 185 ms. The scientific novelty lies in the unified cyber–physical–economic integration of RIS-enhanced communication with blockchain-secured EV scheduling under a scalable O(N) optimization structure. The proposed framework provides practical value by enabling secure peer-to-peer energy trading, resilient grid operation, and economically optimized large-scale EV coordination suitable for the next-generation smart city infrastructures. The specific novel contribution of this work is the joint formulation in which the RIS phase shift design which sets the achievable channel capacity$C(t)$is co-optimized with the blockchain latency constraintTblock(t)≤ Tₘₐₓinside a single multiobjective problem, coupling the physical (RIS), cyber (blockchain), and economic (cost) layers. Unlike prior work that treats EV scheduling, blockchain security, and communication reliability as independent modules, no existing scheme optimizes the RIS phase matrixΦunder an explicit per-block latency budget tied directly to the EV-scheduling cost objective.